Legend:
 Definition
 Field
Listing
 Rank
Order
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Background:
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Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast
Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began
exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial
claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took
possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were
created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated
and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new
country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly
develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to
make a major contribution to the British effort in World
Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed
itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market
economy. It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing
economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part
to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. Long-term concerns
include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone
layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas,
especially the Great Barrier Reef.
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Location:
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Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South
Pacific Ocean |
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Geographic coordinates:
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27 00 S, 133 00 E
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Map references:
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Oceania |
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Area:
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total: 7,686,850 sq km
land: 7,617,930 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states |
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Land boundaries:
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0 km |
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Coastline:
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25,760 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the
continental margin |
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Climate:
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generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
tropical in north |
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Terrain:
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mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m |
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Natural resources:
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bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium,
nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, petroleum |
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.15% (includes about 27 million
hectares of cultivated grassland)
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 93.81% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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25,450 sq km (2003)
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Natural hazards:
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cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
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Environment - current issues:
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soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity
rising due to the use of poor quality water;
desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes
threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and
plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site;
limited natural fresh water resources |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol |
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Geography - note:
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world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country;
population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern
coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle
Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is
one of the most consistent winds in the world |
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Population:
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20,434,176 (July 2007 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 19.3% (male 2,023,375/female 1,929,229)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 6,945,068/female 6,831,653)
65 years and over: 13.2% (male 1,197,494/female
1,507,357) (2007 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 37.1 years
male: 36.3 years
female: 38 years (2007 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.824% (2007 est.)
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Birth rate:
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12.02 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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3.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.049 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.017 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.794 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 80.62 years
male: 77.75 years
female: 83.63 years (2007 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.76 children born/woman (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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14,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than 200 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian |
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Ethnic groups:
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white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% |
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Religions:
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Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%,
Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%,
none 15.3% (2001 Census) |
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Languages:
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English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%,
unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2003 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia |
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Government type:
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federal parliamentary democracy |
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Capital:
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name: Canberra
geographic coordinates: 35 17 S, 149 13 E
time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of
Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in
October; ends last Sunday in March
note: Australia is divided into three time zones
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Administrative divisions:
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6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*,
New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South
Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
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Dependent areas:
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Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and
McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island |
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Independence:
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1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) |
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National holiday:
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Australia Day, 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorated as
the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian
and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli,
Turkey), 25 April (1915) |
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Constitution:
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9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 |
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Legal system:
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based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General
Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston
HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark
VAILE (since 6 July 2005)
cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members
of Parliament, candidates who are subsequently sworn in by
the governor general to serve as government ministers
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor
general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the prime minister; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority
coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor
general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and
National Party
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76
seats; 12 members from each of the six states and 2 from
each of the two mainland territories; one-half of state
members are elected every three years by popular vote to
serve six-year terms while all territory members are elected
every three years) and the House of Representatives (150
seats; members elected by popular preferential vote to serve
terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than 5
representatives)
elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to
be held no later than June 2008); House of Representatives -
last held 9 October 2004 (next to be called no later than
November 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition
39, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Greens 4,
Democrats 4, Family First Party 1; House of Representatives
- percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal
Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party
60, independents 3 |
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Judicial branch:
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High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are
appointed by the governor general) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [Bob
BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal
Party [Jodeen CARNEY]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING];
Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark
VAILE]
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International organization participation:
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ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, C, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF,
Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMIS, UNRWA,
UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis J. RICHARDSON
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los
Angeles, New York, San Francisco |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Robert D. McCALLUM, Jr.
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney |
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Flag description:
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blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower
hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation
Star, representing the federation of the colonies of
Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of
the six original states and one representing all of
Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly
half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation
in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger,
seven-pointed stars |
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Economy - overview:
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Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy
with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West
European economies. Robust business and consumer confidence
and high export prices for raw materials and agricultural
products are fueling the economy. Australia's emphasis on
reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are
other key factors behind the economy's strength. Drought and
strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up in recent
years, although the trade balance improved in 2006. Housing
prices probably peaked in 2005, diminishing the prospect
that interest rates would be raised to prevent a speculative
bubble. Conservative fiscal policies have kept Australia's
budget in surplus since 2002. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$674.6 billion (2006 est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$644.7 billion (2006 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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2.7% (2006 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$33,300 (2006 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3.7%
industry: 26.2%
services: 70.1% (2006 est.)
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Labor force:
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10.74 million (2006 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 21.2%
services: 75.2% (2004 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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4.9% (2006 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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35.2 (1994)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.5% (2006 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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26.7% of GDP (2006 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $268.2 billion
expenditures: $257.3 billion; including capital
expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) |
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Public debt:
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16.1% of GDP (2006 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle, sheep, poultry
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Industries:
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mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food
processing, chemicals, steel |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-3.5% (2006 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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236.7 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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219.8 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2005)
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Oil - production:
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530,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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877,300 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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333,200 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - imports:
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611,400 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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1.491 billion bbl (1 January 2005)
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Natural gas - production:
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38.62 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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25.72 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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12.9 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2005) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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750.6 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.) |
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Current account balance:
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-$41.14 billion (2006 est.) |
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Exports:
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$124.8 billion (2006 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery
and transport equipment |
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Exports - partners:
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Japan 19.6%, China 12.3%, South Korea 7.5%, US 6.2%, India
5.5%, NZ 5.5%, UK 5% (2006) |
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Imports:
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$134.5 billion (2006 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and transport equipment, computers and office
machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil
and petroleum products |
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Imports - partners:
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China 14.4%, US 14.1%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 6%, Germany
5.1% (2006) |
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Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $894 million (FY99/00) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$55.08 billion (2006 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$628.1 billion (2006 est.) |
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$246.2 billion (2006 est.) |
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$226.8 billion (2006 est.) |
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$804.1 billion (2005)
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Currency (code):
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Australian dollar (AUD) |
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Exchange rates:
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Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095
(2005), 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002) |
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Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June
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Airports:
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461 (2007) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 317
over 3,047 m: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 138
914 to 1,523 m: 143
under 914 m: 13 (2007) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 144
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 109
under 914 m: 16 (2007) |
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Heliports:
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1 (2007) |
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Pipelines:
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condensate/gas 546 km; gas 31,323 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,808 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2006) |
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Railways:
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total: 38,550 km
broad gauge: 3,727 km 1.600-m gauge
standard gauge: 20,519 km 1.435-m gauge (1,877 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,074 km 1.067-m gauge (2,453 km
electrified)
dual gauge: 230 km dual gauge (2006)
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Roadways:
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total: 810,641 km
paved: 336,962 km
unpaved: 473,679 km (2004) |
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Waterways:
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2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and
Murray-Darling river systems) (2006) |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 52 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,322,527
GRT/1,501,865 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 5, chemical tanker 1,
container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 7, passenger/cargo
6, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 16 (Canada 2, France 1, Germany 2,
Netherlands 2, Norway 1, Philippines 1, UK 2, US 5)
registered in other countries: 29 (Antigua and
Barbuda 1, Bahamas 3, Bermuda 4, Fiji 1, The Gambia 1,
Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 1, Panama 4, Singapore 6, Tonga
1, UK 1, US 2, Vanuatu 2, unknown 1) (2007) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point,
Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port
Walcott, Sydney |
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Military branches:
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Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal
Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special
Operations Command (2006) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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16 years of age for voluntary service; women allowed to
serve in Army combat units in non-combat support roles
(2001) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 4,943,676
females age 18-49: 4,821,264 (2005 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 4,092,717
females age 16-49: 3,983,447 (2005 est.)
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49: 142,158
females age 16-49: 135,675 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.4% (2006) |
This page was last updated on 15
November, 2007
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